Haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis: an overview

At what stage of chronic kidney disease are patients classified as being in end-stage renal disease?

What is the most common form of renal replacement therapy?

Which of the following symptoms would not be an indication for the commencement of renal replacement therapy?

A low-potassium dialysate would be the most appropriate dialysate for which of the following patients?

According to the UK Kidney Association’s ‘Clinical practice guidelines vascular access for haemodialysis’, what is the preferred choice of vascular access for patients undergoing haemodialysis?

Use of which sympathomimetic has been used to reduce the risk of intradialytic hypotension?

In peritoneal dialysis, the presence of which molecule in the dialysis solution creates the osmotic gradient?

What is the most common infective complication of peritoneal dialysis?

End-stage renal disease is associated with increased oxidative stress, which can damage the endothelial cells that make up the blood brain barrier. Which of the following strategies could help mitigate this impact? More than one answer can be correct.

Muscle wasting, known as cachexia, can have what effect when estimating renal function using equations, such as the Cockcroft-Gault?

Which of the following factors effects the removal of a drug via dialysis? More than one answer can be correct.

Which of the following antibiotics would be harder to remove via dialysis because of its high affinity for plasma protein-binding?

Anaemia is a common complication in end-stage renal disease, this is because there is poor absorption of oral iron owing to chronically elevated concentrations of which hormone?

Which drug could be used to manage hypocalcaemia occurring from impaired renal activation of vitamin D?

What steps can be taken to optimise treatment of hyperphosphatemia with oral phosphate binders?