How to support patients with sight loss in pharmacy
More than two million people are affected by sight loss across the UK, which may impact on their ability to use and take their medicines correctly and safely. Here, the Royal National Institute of Blind People, Medicines Use and Safety team and Moorfields Eye Hospital provide advice and recommendations for pharmacy to provide appropriate support for people with sight loss.
It can be difficult to recognise that a patient has sight loss in practice, although since one in five aged more than 75 years have uncorrectable sight loss, confirming that all older patients are able to read standard print should be routine
Cultura Creative (RF) / Alamy Stock Photo
Sight loss can affect anyone, regardless of age, ethnicity, gender or clinical condition. More than two million people are currently living with sight loss in the UK, and around 350,000 of these are registered blind or partially sighted[1] . The incidence of sight loss increases with age: more than 11 million people in the UK are aged over 65 years[2] and one in five people aged 75 years and over are living with uncorrectable sight loss[3] .
It is crucial that everyone with sight loss can use and take their medicines safely, which includes being able to read dispensing labels and storage instructions. In a 2015 survey of registered blind and partially sighted adults in the UK, undertaken by the Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB), nine out of ten blind and partially sighted people said information on medication was quite difficult or impossible to read[4] .
Labels need to be provided in an accessible format; however, this is currently not routinely considered or provided in pharmacy practice. In addition, access to a pharmacy counter and moving around the pharmacy environment can also be extremely challenging for people with sight loss where adjustments have not been made. Pharmacists and pharmacy staff have an important role in medicines optimisation for people with sight loss, supporting safe and effective use of medicines, while also providing a good patient experience as part of routine practice.
This article outlines how to support people with sight loss to interact with the pharmacy, use and take medicines safely and effectively, helping them get the most from their medicines.
UK standards for patients with disabilities, including sight loss
In August 2016, NHS England introduced the Accessible Information Standard (AIS), which requires that the information and communication needs of disabled patients are proactively addressed in all aspects of NHS healthcare, including the dispensing of medicines[5] (see Box 1 for more information). Further information on pharmacy compliance with the AIS is available[6] to support organisations that provide NHS or publicly funded social care. This ensures that disabled patients, including patients with sight loss, receive information in formats they can understand[7] .
Box 1: Five key steps required for organisations to comply with the NHS Accessible Information Standard[8]
What does the accessible information standard tell organisations to do?
As part of the accessible information standard, organisations that provide NHS or adult social care must do five things:
Ask people if they have any information or communication needs, and find out how to meet their needs;
Record those needs clearly and in a set way;
Highlight or flag the person’s file or notes so it is clear that they have information or communication needs and how to meet those needs;
Share information about people’s information and communication needs with other providers of NHS and adult social care, when they have consent or permission to do so;
Take steps to ensure that people receive information that they can access and understand, and receive communication support if they need it.
Outside of specialist ophthalmic centres, both in hospital and community settings, awareness, knowledge, and support literature for partially sighted people regarding safe medicines use is lacking. There is little published literature on the subject that pertains specifically to medicines-related support. Implementation of, and compliance with, the AIS is variable both across and within organisations, with particular, but differing, challenges identified by both large and small organisations of all types[9] . This could be a result of little formal training about ophthalmic pharmacy in undergraduate or postgraduate educational programmes.
Recognising patients with sight loss in practice
It can be difficult to recognise that a patient has sight loss in practice. However, with one in five people aged over 75 years having uncorrectable sight loss[2] , it should be routine in pharmacy practice to confirm with all older patients their ability to read standard print. This will improve the targeting of accessible information to those who need it, extending the provision of support from the more obvious Braille and/or large-font labelling.
Other simple changes that can be made in the pharmacy (see Box 4), such as ensuring that the counter does not obscure the visibility of a white cane, can help with identifying people who may require extra support and assistance in relation to medicines.
RNIB and Medicines Use and Safety collaborative working
Collaborative working between RNIB and the Medicines Use and Safety (Pharmacy) team (MUS) has sought to identify the level of awareness of the needs of blind and partially sighted people among pharmacy staff and the resources used in practice. Box 2 provides more information on this working, including the details and findings from a recent survey of 200 pharmacists across Great Britain.
Box 2: Case study of RNIB and MUS data collection of the awareness of the needs of blind and partially sighted people by pharmacy staff[10]
A search for pharmacy-specific resources to support safe medicines use for blind and partially sighted people revealed a paucity of information for use in practice. Therefore, to ensure development of appropriate support, a survey was devised to explore pharmacy staff awareness of the needs of blind and partially sighted people and resources used in practice.
Methods
The following ten questions were circulated to hospital and community pharmacists:
What is your role? Pharmacist/Pharmacy technician/Pharmacy assistant/Other pharmacy staff
What is your age? 18–24/25–34/35–44/45–54/55–64/65–74/75 or older
When you see patients, what area of practice do you work in? Community pharmacy/Hospital (acute or community)/Other inpatient unit/Other community setting
How do you rate your experience as a pharmacy professional? Very experienced/Somewhat experienced/Novice
In your opinion, how important are the labelling instructions on the medicines container for dispensed medicines? Extremely important/Very important/Quite important/Not very important/Not important at all
In your opinion, how important is the patient information leaflet in the medicines container for dispensed medicines? Extremely important/Very important/Quite important/Not very important/Not important at all
Thinking about when you last dispensed or provided a medicine, how did you know if the recipient could read the label? I knew they could/I asked/I assumed they could/I didn’t think about it/Other
What is the most common adjustment or service provided in your work setting to help people with sight loss to safely and effectively use their medicines? Adapted containers for medicines/Specific devices for application of medicines/Large label instructions/Braille instructions/Emailed instructions to read labels/Talking labels (audio)/Tailored service for individual patients/None that I am aware of/More than one — please specify below
How effective is your service in routinely providing accessible information for people who cannot read standard print labels? We have reliable and routine provision, tailored to our individual customer’s alternative format needs/We have an active programme under way but we still aren’t very well set up/We try but we probably aren’t very well set up yet
Do you have a specialist interest in ophthalmic pharmacy Yes/No
Two surveys of 100 people were conducted using SurveyMonkey®. The first survey ran from 16 February 2017 to 1 March 2017 and was circulated to mostly hospital pharmacy staff at the London North West Hospitals NHS Trust and the national MUS network (England). The second survey ran from 1 March 2017 to 9 March 2017 and was circulated to both hospital and community pharmacy staff using the national MUS network, Royal Pharmaceutical Society (RPS) and other community pharmacy networks through the RPS. Moorfields Eye Hospital facilitated circulation of the survey to the ophthalmic pharmacy group for both surveys.
Results
Respondents’ demographics
Pharmacists made up the majority of respondents in both surveys (survey 1 = 85%; survey 2 = 92%), of whom a small number (14%; 10%) had a special interest in ophthalmic pharmacy. The surveys differed in the sector of practice of respondents, where 69% were hospital-based in the first survey compared with 39% in the second survey, in which 39% were community-based. Most respondents (95%; 100%) to both surveys stated that they were at least “somewhat experienced” as pharmacy professionals.
Medicine information
There was a difference in respondent perception of the importance of labelling of the medicine container and the importance of the patient information leaflet (PIL). While most (98%; 91%) considered labelling “extremely” or “very important”, only a third considered PILs “extremely important” (30%; 36%), with around a third (34%; 29%) considering them “very important” and a third “quite important” (33%; 32%). In both surveys, 55% of respondents stated that they assumed that patients could read labels.
Question: In your opinion, how important is the patient information leaflet in the medicines container for dispensed medicines?
Source: Nina Barnett / The Pharmaceutical Journal
While most survey respondents (98%; 91%) considered labelling “extremely” or “very important”, only a third considered patient information leaflets (PILs) “extremely important” (30%; 36%), with around a third (34%; 29%) considering them “very important” and a third “quite important” (33%; 32%). In both surveys, 55% of respondents stated that they assumed that patients could read labels.
Support
Large labels were the commonest adaptation (51%; 53%) and respondents documented a variety of other adjustments available. A minority (19%; 19%) stated that they were not aware of any adaptations.
Respondents included examples of adaptations available in their service:
Printed medicines card on yellow/buff paper with large or bold font;
Yellow labels with black printing;
Printing labels on A4 paper;
Writing large labels;
Large coloured stickers;
Coloured boxes;
Braille on boxes;
Different shape and size of bottle, and rubber bands for identification;
Speaking to the carer;
Speaking to the patient;
Asking patient what they would prefer.
Overall, 9% and 21% of respondents, respectively, stated that “reliable and routine provision” of pharmacy support for people with sight loss was available; however, more than two-thirds of respondents (82%; 67%) stated that while efforts were made to support this population, no routine service was available.
Routine provision of pharmacy support for people with sight loss
Source: Nina Barnett / The Pharmaceutical Journal
More than two-thirds of respondents (82%; 67%) stated that while efforts were made to support this population, no routine service was available.
Discussion
The key findings from the RNIB and MUS survey suggest poor awareness of sight loss among the pharmacy staff surveyed. While most respondents believed labelling of medicines was “very important” or “extremely important”, they assumed that the recipient of the medicines could read the label. Some support was available, with around half of the respondents’ services providing large labels and a quarter providing adapted containers. However, more than two-thirds of respondents believed that their services are not very well set up to provide accessible information to people who cannot read standard print labels.
Recommendations for accessible medicines-related information and support exist in the United States[11] , but the authors are not aware of any national UK recommendations.
To address the issues identified by the survey (see Box 2) and raise awareness of how pharmacy professionals can support blind and partially sighted patients and/or carers, MUS, RNIB and the ophthalmic specialist pharmacists at Moorfields Eye Hospital have developed guidance for pharmacy staff and advice for people with sight loss[12] .
How to communicate with and meet the needs of people with sight loss
Pharmacy professionals, when consulting and interacting with patients, should consider a number of questions to determine whether they have any communication or support needs.
Patients could be triaged easily, simply by using the following question: “Are you able to read standard print or can I help with an alternative format?”
Further examples of questions that pharmacists and the pharmacy team may find useful when identifying and helping people with sight loss, as well as things patients themselves may find helpful, in a pharmacy environment and specifically to optimise medicines use and safety, are provided in Box 3.
Box 3: Identifying information and communication needs of people with sight loss
Example questions to ask the patient:
Would you like to be helped to your seat while you wait?
Would your guide dog like some water?
Would you like information about your medication in a different format (e.g. large print, Braille)?
Would you like me to highlight/colour code any particular information on your medication label or use rubber bands/textured stickers to help you with identification?
Would you like to hold the medicine container while I explain to you how to use it?
Would you like a personalised dosing schedule chart?
Would you like me to dictate a contact telephone number on to your smart phone if you need to contact us in the future?
Patients with sight loss will often require information about their medication in a different format, which may include large print, email, audio or Braille. These needs should then be recorded on the patient record system so that the pharmacy team can take appropriate action proactively in the future.
To support patients with safe use of medicines, Moorfields Eye Hospital pharmacy department, with input from the RNIB, has introduced a number of adjustments to support people with sight loss. Box 4 provides suggestions for pharmacists and pharmacy staff about the steps that can be taken to help patients with sight loss understand and take their medicines effectively. In addition, advice on adaptations to the pharmacy environment are included, which may also help patients.
Box 4: Steps pharmacy teams can take to help a person with sight loss understand and take their medicines effectively
Communication
Use an audio calling system to speak to patients who might not be able to see a visual display;
Allow patients extra time to respond to the call when their prescription is ready;
Even if they are accompanied by someone else, speak to the patient first unless they request otherwise;
Introduce yourself and tell the patient who you are, your role and what tasks you will be performing because they might not be able to identify a uniform or badge.
Information
Ask the patient what format they need information in so they can read medicine labels and leaflets. Commonly required formats include large print, Braille, audio CD or email;
Offer large-font leaflets supplementary to the standard ones provided by the medicines manufacturer (see advice under labelling);
When talking to the patient about use of their medicines, they may prefer to hold the medication container as it can be easier to understand the instructions (for example, eye drop bottles or inhalers);
Offer the patient a personalised dosing schedule chart in a format they can read;
Offer to dictate a contact telephone number onto the patient’s smartphone or audio recorder, to obtain further advice, as they may not be able to read the telephone number on the dispensing label;
Make a record of their personalised requirements, including accessible format needs, on the patient record system.
Labelling
Ask the patient if they use large print and, if so, what font size they need to read the dispensing label. Make sure large font size is available, and that it is lower case, left aligned and in a clear colour contrast (for example, black on white);
Offer to send the information on the dispensing label by email if the patient cannot read large print or finds email format more accessible;
Ask if the patient needs the information in Braille format if they cannot use any of the above formats.
Patient Information Leaflet (PIL)
Help the patient use the electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC; previously the X-PIL service) by providing them with an accessible written or recorded version of the name of the medicine and medicine’s product code number.
Pharmacy environment
Bright colour-contrasted lines on the floor can help patients navigate through the pharmacy;
Use colour-contrasted guide rails to help patients navigate around the pharmacy and make sure the routes are not blocked by chairs or other obstacles;
Position signs on doorways and at the pharmacy counters (for example ‘IN’ and ‘OUT’ hatches) at eye level so patients can view them up close;
Tell the patient when you are looking at them and ready to talk because they may not be able to see you;
If the patient needs it, provide them with assistance to seating while they wait for their prescription.
Implementing an action plan
The RNIB and MUS survey highlights how healthcare professionals see the issues which determine whether or not accessibility becomes a practical reality, and it comes after the mandatory introduction of the NHS AIS[13] . Results suggest that effective implementation is yet to become a routine part of everyday pharmacy practice.
The consequences of not providing medicines information to patients with sight loss, in addition to not meeting the mandatory AIS, is that people with sight loss are at higher risk of medication errors.
Pharmacists who have not yet put an action plan in place should consider taking the following actions:
Implement systems to produce dispensing labels and essential medicines information in alternative formats as part of routine practice
For example, producing dispensing labels in 20-point font, using ‘sans serif’ fonts, audio-format labels and emailing information in plain text to patients. NHS England and RNIB provide advice for these services[13] ,[14] .
Develop a method, using the pharmacy’s computer system, to capture, record and flag all patient information and communication needs
This will support the team in managing individual patients and to make adjustments where necessary. If the pharmacy’s system does not allow this, work with the system supplier, local organisation (e.g. clinical commissioning group or hospital trust), GP and NHS England to ensure it is updated to be “capture and flag” compatible, which is required by the new standard.
Proactively monitor the pharmacy team’s compliance with the AIS
This can be achieved by setting and auditing performance targets and delivery deadlines for service adjustments that need to be put in place. Also work with the local organisation on their AIS implementation plans and, where appropriate, co-ordinate with local GPs.
Useful resources
Moorfields Direct
Nurse-led telephone helpline: 020 7566 2345
Available from 9am to 9pm, Monday to Friday and from 8.30am to 5pm on Saturdays
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